Berpikir

Psikologi Umum

Berpikir

Involves mental process that are used to form concept, solve problems and engage in creative activity.

Thinking or Cognition

Simbol-simbol yang digunakan dalam berpikir berupa kata-kata atau bahasa sehingga berpikir & bahasa memiliki kaitan yang erat

Selain bahasa, terdapat pula bayangan/gambaran (image).

Is one method of studying how we process, store, and use information and how this information. In turn, influences what we notice, perceive, learn, remember, believe and feel

Pendekatan Kognitif

Concept

Is away to group or classify object, event, animals or people based on some features, traits or characteristic that they all share in common.

Functions of Concepts

• organize information
• group things into categories an thus better organize and store information in memory
• avoid relearning

• can be used to classify and categorize things, you can easily classify new things without having to relearn what that thing is.

Forming Concepts

• Prototype theory

form a concept by creating a mental image that is based on the average characteristics of an object.

Examplar Model

Form a concept of an object, event, animal or person by defining or making mental list of the essential characteristic of particular thing.

Solving Problems

• Problem solving

involves searching for some rule, plan, or strategy that results in our reaching a certain goal that is currently out of reach.

1. Algorithms

Algorithms are fixed set of rules that, if followed correctly, will eventually lead to a solution. Example: Playing chess

2. Heuristics

rules of thumb, or clever and creative mental shortcuts, that reduce the number of operations and allow one to solve problems more easily and quickly.

3. Artificial intelligence

means of programming machines (computers, robots) to imitate human thinking and problem-solving abilities

Three Strategies for Solving Problems

1. Changing one's mental set

functional fixedness

refers to a mental set that is characterized by the inability to see an object as having a function different from its usual one.

2. Using analogies

a strategy for finding a similarity between the new situation and an old, familiar situation.

3. Forming subgoals

a strategy that involves breaking down the overall problem into separate parts that, when.

Thinking Creatively

How is creativity defined?

• Creative thinking

Combination of flexibility in thinking and reorganization of understanding to produce innovative ideas and new or novel solutions

• Creative individual

Someone who regularly solves problems, fashions products, or defines new questions that make an impact on his or her society.

1. Psychometric approach

uses objective problem-solving tasks to measure creativity, focuses on the distinction between two kinds of thinking-convergent and divergent.

• Convergent thinking

means beginning with a problem and coming up with a single correct solution.

• Divergent thinking

means beginning with a problem and coming up with many different solutions.

2. Case study approach

analyzes creative persons in great depth and thus provides insight into their development, personality, motivation, and problems

3. Cognitive approach

tries to build a bridge between the objective measures of the psychometric approach and the subjective descriptions provided by case studies.

cognitive approach identifies and measures, cognitive mechanisms that are used during creative thinking.

How is creativity defined?

2. Case study approach

analyzes creative persons in great depth and thus provides insight into their development, personality, motivation, and problems

3. Cognitive approach

tries to build a bridge between the objective measures of the psychometric approach and the subjective descriptions provided by case studies

cognitive approach identifies and measures

cognitive mechanisms that are used during creative thinking.

How Do Creative People Think and Behave

• Focus

In one particular area.

• Cognition

Change mental direction, consider problem from many angles, make use of mental images.

• Personality

Independent, self confident, unconventional, risk taking, hard woriking, obsessively committed to their work.

• Motivation