Memori
Psikologi Umum
Memori
Teori Memori
The information processing model: state that the ability to retain infromation over time involve three processes encoding, storage & retrieval.
Three Stages Model
Sensory Memory (Recording)
Sensory Memory: briefly preserves a relat ively exact replica of sensory information
- Sensory memory has a large capacity but information only lasts a few seco nds.
- Selected information is sent on to
Short-Term memory.
Iconic Memory is a form of sensory me mory thats automatically hold visual information for about a quarter of a second or more, as soon as you shift your attention, the information dissappears
Echoic Memory is a form of sensory memory thats hold audi tory information for 1 or 2 seconds.
Function of Sensory Memory
1. Prevents being overwhelmed
2. Give decision time
3. Provides stability, playback and recognition
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Short-Term Memory (STM): temporarily sto res sensory information and decides wheth er to send it on to long-term memory (LTM)
STM can hold 5-9 items for about 30 seco nds before they are forgotten.
STM capacity can be increased with chunk ing. STM duration improves with maintena nce rehearsal.
Function of Short Term Memory
1. Attending
2. Rehearsing
3. Storing
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM): relatively permanent memory storage with a virtually limitless capacity.
Serial Position Effect
remembering material at the beginning and end of the list better than material in the middle
Primacy Effect
More space in working memory for elaborativ e rehearsal during encoding: LTM
Recency Effect
Items still in working memory
Bear, Giraffe, Wolf, Fly, deer, Elk, Gorilla. Elephant, Frog, Snail Turtle, Shark, Ant, Owl.
Types of Long-Term Memories
Improving Long-Term Memory
Why Do We Forget? Five Key Theories
Five Theories of Forgetting
3. Motivated Forgetting:
motivation to forget unpleasant, painful, threatening, or embarrassing memories
4. Encoding Failure:
information in STM is not encoded in LTM
5. Retrieval Failure:
memories stored in LTM are momentarily inaccessible
(tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)
Two Forms of Interference
(Penjelasan penulis.)
Forgetting; Interference vs Decay
Amnesia
Overcoming Problems with Forgetting
Source Amnesia: forgetting the true source of a memory
Sleeper Effect: information from an unreliable source, which was initially discounted, later gains credibility be cause source is forgotten.
Spacing of Practices distributed prac tice is better than massed practice.
1. Biological changes in neurens facilit ate memory through long-term pot entiation (LTP), which happens in at least two ways:
repeated stimulation of a synap se strengthens the synapse, and neuron's ability to release its ne urotransmitters is increased or decreased.
Hormones also affect memory (e.g. flashbulb memories-vivid and lasting images are associated with surprising or strongly emotional events).
Where Are Memories Located?
Biology and Memory Loss: Injury and Disease
Amnesia: memory I oss from brain injur y or trauma
Retrograde amnesia: old memories lost
Anterograde amnesia: new memories lost

Comments
Post a Comment