Memori

Psikologi Umum

Memori


Teori Memori

Memory: is an active system that allow people to retain information over time

Memori merupakan suatu sistem aktif yang mengizinkan manusia menyimpan informasi sepanjang waktu.

The information processing model: state that the ability to retain infromation over time involve three processes encoding, storage & retrieval.


Three Stages Model


Sensory Memory (Recording)

Sensory Memory: briefly preserves a relat ively exact replica of sensory information

- Sensory memory has a large capacity but information only lasts a few seco nds.

- Selected information is sent on to


Short-Term memory.

Iconic Memory is a form of sensory me mory thats automatically hold visual information for about a quarter of a second or more, as soon as you shift your attention, the information dissappears

Echoic Memory is a form of sensory memory thats hold audi tory information for 1 or 2 seconds.

Function of Sensory Memory

1. Prevents being overwhelmed

2. Give decision time

3. Provides stability, playback and recognition

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Short-Term Memory (STM): temporarily sto res sensory information and decides wheth er to send it on to long-term memory (LTM)

STM can hold 5-9 items for about 30 seco nds before they are forgotten.

STM capacity can be increased with chunk ing. STM duration improves with maintena nce rehearsal.

Function of Short Term Memory

1. Attending

2. Rehearsing

3. Storing


Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Long-Term Memory (LTM): relatively permanent memory storage with a virtually limitless capacity.

Serial Position Effect

remembering material at the beginning and end of the list better than material in the middle

Primacy Effect

More space in working memory for elaborativ e rehearsal during encoding: LTM

Recency Effect

Items still in working memory

Bear, Giraffe, Wolf, Fly, deer, Elk, Gorilla. Elephant, Frog, Snail Turtle, Shark, Ant, Owl.

Types of Long-Term Memories

(Gambar.)

Improving Long-Term Memory

LTM can be improved with:

-Organization

-Elaborative Rehearsal

-Retrieval Cues

-Recognition

-Recall

Why Do We Forget? Five Key Theories

Decay

Interference

Motivated Forgetting

Encoding Failure

Retrieval Failure

Five Theories of Forgetting

1. Decay Theory:

memory degrades with time

2. Interference Theory:

one memory competes (interferes) with another

-Retroactive Interference (new in formation interferes with old)

-Proactive Interference (old infor mation interferes with new)

3. Motivated Forgetting:

motivation to forget unpleasant, painful, threatening, or embarrassing memories

4. Encoding Failure:

information in STM is not encoded in LTM

5. Retrieval Failure:

memories stored in LTM are momentarily inaccessible

(tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)


Two Forms of Interference

(Penjelasan penulis.)


Forgetting; Interference vs Decay

prospective memory

Remembering to do something in the future content - remembering what to do timing - remembering when to do it
absentmindedness

Amnesia

– antarograde amnesia

inability to store new information and events

– retrograde amnesia

inability to retrieve past information and events.

Overcoming Problems with Forgetting


Source Amnesia: forgetting the true source of a memory

Sleeper Effect: information from an unreliable source, which was initially discounted, later gains credibility be cause source is forgotten.

Spacing of Practices distributed prac tice is better than massed practice.

1. Biological changes in neurens facilit ate memory through long-term pot entiation (LTP), which happens in at least two ways:

repeated stimulation of a synap se strengthens the synapse, and neuron's ability to release its ne urotransmitters is increased or decreased.

Hormones also affect memory (e.g. flashbulb memories-vivid and lasting images are associated with surprising or strongly emotional events).


Where Are Memories Located?

Memory tends to be localized and distributed through out the brain-not just the cortex.

Biology and Memory Loss: Injury and Disease

Amnesia: memory I oss from brain injur y or trauma

Retrograde amnesia: old memories lost

Anterograde amnesia: new memories lost

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