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Psikologi Umum

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• Theories of dream interpretation

– Freud’s theory of dream interpretation

• We have a “censor” that protects us from realizing threatening and unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression.

• “censor” protects us from threatening thoughts by transforming our secret, guilt-ridden and anxiety-provoking desires into harmless symbols that appear in our dreams and do not disturb our sleep or conscious thoughts.

• Theories of dream interpretation

– Extensions of Waking Life Theory

• dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, and emotions that we have when awake.

– Activation-Synthesis Theory

• dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down.

• sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical and neural influences that result in hallucinations, delusions, high emotions, and bizarre thought patterns that we call dreams.

• Typical dreams

– involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or happiness

– rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost never about sexual intercourse

– rarely can we control or dream about something we intend to dream about

– dreams usually have visual imagery and are in color in sighted people

– blind people from birth, dream in tactile, olfactory, or gustatory (taste), not visual.


Gangguan Tidur (Sleep Disorders)

• Insomnia

– Difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep

– Affects about 35 million Americans

– May be related to stress, depression, medication

– Can also be caused by noise, temperature, or trying to sleep in a new environment

• Sleeptalking and sleepwalking

– Usually occurs during Stage 4 sleep

– More common in children

– Sleepwalking more common in boys

• Night terrors

– Episodes of fright that occur during stages 3 or 4 of NREM sleep

– Person may sit up or scream, but likely will not recall the episode in the morning

• Apnea

– Person stops breathing momentarily during sleep

– Affects about 10 to 12 million Americans

• REM Behavior Disorder

– Body fails to paralyze during REM sleep.

– Sleepwalk with me

• Sleep Paralysis

– Body fails to undo the paralysis briefly upon walking.

• Narcolepsy

– Suddenly falling asleep without warning during waking hours

– Narcoleptics often experience loss of muscle tone as well

– May also drop into REM sleep immediately, causing hallucinations

– Likely caused by a central nervous system defect


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