Bahasa

Psikologi Umum

Bahasa


Bahasa (Language)

• “Is spesial form of communication that involves learning and using complex rules to make and combine symbols (word or gesture) into an endlless number of meaningfull sentences”

• Bentuk komunikasi yang khas melibatkan proses belajar dan berdasarkan aturan yang kompleks dalam penggunaannya serta mengkombinasikan simbol (baik kata maupun bahasa tubuh) kedalam suatu kalimat yang bermakna dalam jumlah yang tidak terhitung.

4 Rule of Language

1. Governs Phonology
2. Governs Morphology
3. Governs Syntax/Grammar
4. Govern Semantic

Govern Phonology

-Phonology are specifies how we make the meaningful sounds that are used by a particular language
-Phonemes (fonem) → beda bunyi K & H
-basic sounds of consonants and vowels.

Governs Morphology

• system that we use to group phonemes
into meaningful combinations of sound
and words (seringkali mendapatkan
imbuhan)
• Morpheme (bagian terkecil dari kata)
• smallest meaningful combination of
sounds in a language

Governs Syntax/Grammar

• “set of rules that specifies how we combine words to form meaningful phrases and sentences”
• Seperangkat aturan yang menentukan cara menggabungkan kata untuk membentuk frasa dan kalimat yang bermakna.

Govern Semantic

• “specifies the meaning of words or phrases when they appear in various sentences or contexts”
• Menentukan makna kata atau frasa ketika muncul dalam berbagai kalimat atau konteks.

Language: Basic Rules

Understanding language
1) Chomsky’s Theory of Languagez

• Allow us to use and understand spoken language with relative easy.

• Says that all languages share a common universal grammar and that children inherit a mental program to learn this universal grammar.

• Norm Chomsky: Mental Gramar & Innate Brain Program

Aturan Dasar Berbahasa

Understanding language
– Mental grammar

• Allows us to combine nouns, verbs, and objects in an endless variety of meaningful sentences.

– innate brain program
• Makes learning the general rules of grammar relatively easy.

Aturan Berbahasa

• Different structure, same meaning.

– Surface structure

• refers to the actual wording of a sentence, as it is spoken → “ you pick up the cartepillar”

– Deep structure

• refers to an underlying meaning that is not spoken but is present in the mind of the listener → “A cartepilar was pick up by you”

– Transformational rules

• procedures by which we convert our ideas from surface structures into deep structures and from deep structures back into surface ones.

Asal Mula Bahasa

Language stages

– refers to all infants going through four different periods or stages—babbling, single words, two-word combinations, and sentences.

1. Begins about 6 months, is the first stage in acquiring language

2. Single word

• second stage in acquiring language, which occurs at about 1 year of age

2. Single word (cont.)

– parentese (motherese)

– way of speaking to young children in which the adult speaks in a slower and higher than normal voice, emphasizes and stretches our each word, uses very simple sentences, and repeats words and phrases

3. Two-word combinations

– represents the third stage in acquiring language, occurs at about 2 years of age.

4. Sentences

– represents the fourth stage of acquiring language, occurs at about 4 years of age.

• Telegraphic speech
– distinctive pattern of speaking in which the child omits articles (the), prepositions (in,
out), and parts of verbs.

• What are innate factors?

– genetically programmed physiological and neurological features that facilitate our making speech sounds and acquiring language skills.

– Innate physiological factors

• special adapted vocal apparatus (larynx and pharynx) that allows us to make sounds and form words.

– Innate neurological features

• left hemisphere of the brain is prewired to acquire and use language, whether spoken or signed.

• What are innate factors?

– Innate developmental factors

• critical language period

• time from infancy to adolescence when language is easiest to learn

• more difficult to learn anytime after adolescence.

• Bagaimana faktor lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan Bahasa (What
are environmental factors?)

– refer to interactions children have with parents, peers, teachers, and others who provide feedback that rewards and encourages language development, as well as provides opportunities for children to observe, imitate, and practice language skills.

Social Cognitive Learning

– emphasizes the acquisition of language skills through social interactions, which give children a chance to observe, imitate, and practice the sounds, words, and sentences they hear from their parents or caregivers.



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