Tidur
Tidur
Rentang Keadaan Kesadaran
(Continuum of conciousness)
Consciousness
kesadaran berpikir dan merasakan yang berbeda-beda
(refers to different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings)
Continuum of Consciousness
• Different states
– Controlled processes
• activities that require full awareness, alertness and concentration to reach some goal.
– Automatic processes
• activities that require little awareness, take minimal attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.
– Daydreaming (Melamun)
• activity that requires low level of awareness, often occurs during automatic processes, and involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake.
• Different states
– altered states
• result from using any number of procedures, such as meditation, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, or sleep deprivation, to produce an awareness that differs from normal consciousness.
• Different states
– Sleep
• consists of five stages that involve different levels of awareness, consciousness, and responsiveness.
– Dreaming
• unique state of consciousness in which we are asleep but experience a variety of astonishing visual, auditory, and tactile images often connected in strange ways and often in color.
• Different states
– Unconscious and implicit memory
– Unconscious
• can result from disease, trauma, a blow to the head, general medical anesthesia.
• results in total lack of sensory awareness and complete loss of responsiveness to one’s environment.
Ritme Tidur dan Terjaga
(Rhythms of sleeping & waking)
• Biological clocks
– biological clocks are internal timing devices that are genetically set to regulate various physiological responses for different periods of time.
• Circadian rhythm
– refers to a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of 24 hours.
Circadian Rhthyms
Rhythms of Sleeping & Waking
• Location of biological clocks
– Suprachiasmatic nucleus
• lies in the lower middle of the brain
• regulates sleep-wake cycle
• Location of biological clocks
– interval timing clock
– can be started and stopped like a stopwatch
– gauges the passage of seconds, minutes, or hours
– helps creatures time their movements, such as knowing when to start or stop doing some activity
– located in the basal ganglia
• Circadian problems and treatments
– accidents
– jet lag
– resetting clock
– melatonin
Seluk Beluk Tidur
• Stages of sleep
– distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain and accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different phases of sleep
• Alpha stage
– feeling of being relaxed and drowsy, usually with the eyes closed
• Non-REM sleep
– where you spend approximately 80% of your sleep time
– divided into 4 stages
– identified by particular pattern of brain waves and physiological responses
– begin with stage 1 and gradually enter stages 2, 3, and 4
– Stage 1 sleep
• transition from wakefulness to sleep that lasts 1-7 minutes
• gradually lose responsiveness to stimuli and experience drifting thoughts and images
• presence of theta waves
– Stage 2 sleep
• beginning of what we know as sleep
• high-frequency bursts of brain activity called
sleep spindles
• muscle tension, body temperature and heart rate gradually decrease
• more difficult to be awakened
– Stages 3 and 4
• also called slow wave or delta sleep
• waves of very high amplitude and very low frequency (delta waves)
• stage 4 is often considered the deepest stage of sleep
• most difficult to be awakened from
• heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow to the brain are reduced
• marked secretion of growth hormone (GH),
• controls levels of metabolism, physical growth, and brain development
REM sleep
– makes up the remaining 20% of your sleep time
– stands for “rapid eye movement”
– eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids
– pass into REM sleep about five or six times throughout the night with about 30 to 90 minutes between periods
– REM sleep remains for about 15 to 45 minutes then passes into non-REM sleep.



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